ضرورت تبیین مسئولیت چندلایه هوش مصنوعی از منظر نظام اخلاقی و حقوقی در پزشکی
محورهای موضوعی : Medical law
کلید واژه: هوش مصنوعی, مسئولیت چندلایه, اخلاق پزشکی, شکاف مسئولیت, سوگیری الگوریتمی,
چکیده مقاله :
هوش مصنوعی با ورود به عرصه پزشکی، تحولی شگرف در تشخیص، درمان و جراحی ایجاد کرده است، اما همزمان چالشهای عمیقی را در نظامهای حقوقی و اخلاقی پدید آورده است. پیچیدگی فناوری، دخالت کنشگران متعدد (پزشک، بیمارستان، توسعهدهنده و تولیدکننده) و ماهیت غیرشفاف الگوریتمها، مفهوم سنتی مسئولیت را با ابهام مواجه ساخته و «شکاف مسئولیت» را ایجاد کرده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تبیین ضرورت طراحی یک نظام مسئولیت چندلایه برای هوش مصنوعی در پزشکی با رویکردی تلفیقی (حقوقی-اخلاقی) و بررسی ظرفیتها و کاستیهای نظام حقوقی ایران در این زمینه است. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است که با روش کتابخانهای و با مراجعه به منابع معتبر داخلی و بینالمللی انجام شده است. در نظام حقوقی ایران، هوش مصنوعی فاقد شخصیت حقوقی است و قوانین موجود (نظیر قانون مسئولیت مدنی و قانون مجازات اسلامی) عمدتاً بر مبنای تقصیر تدوین شدهاند. با این حال، ظرفیتهایی در فقه امامیه (قاعده لاضرر، تسبیب) و نهادهایی مانند مسئولیت ناشی از اشیاء و مسئولیت تولیدکننده وجود دارد که میتواند مبنای توسعه نظری نظام مسئولیت چندلایه قرار گیرد. در نتیجه استقرار مسئولانه هوش مصنوعی در پزشکی مستلزم گذار از مسئولیت خطی سنتی به یک نظام مسئولیت چندلایه، پویا و مبتنی بر ریسک است که در آن مسئولیت به طور شفاف میان پزشک، توسعهدهنده و بیمارستان توزیع شود و تدوین مقررات ویژه برای دادههای سلامت، الزام به شفافیت و قابلیت توضیحدهی الگوریتمها، ایجاد کمیتههای اخلاقی تخصصی و تضمین نظارت انسانی معنادار، از مهمترین راهکارهای عملی برای پر کردن شکاف مسئولیت و تحقق عدالت درمانی در عصر هوش مصنوعی هستند.
Artificial intelligence, by entering the field of medicine, has brought about a profound transformation in diagnosis, treatment, and surgery; however, at the same time, it has generated serious challenges for legal and ethical systems. The complexity of the technology, the involvement of multiple actors (physicians, hospitals, developers, and manufacturers), and the opaque nature of algorithms have rendered the traditional concept of liability ambiguous and have given rise to a “liability gap.” The main objective of this study is to explain the necessity of designing a multilayered liability regime for artificial intelligence in medicine through an integrated legal–ethical approach, and to examine the capacities and shortcomings of the Iranian legal system in this regard. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and has been conducted through a library-based method with reference to معتبر domestic and international sources.In the Iranian legal system, artificial intelligence lacks legal personality, and existing laws (such as the Civil Liability Act and the Islamic Penal Code) are largely based on fault-based liability. Nevertheless, there are capacities within Imamiyyah jurisprudence (such as the no-harm rule and the doctrine of causation) as well as institutions like liability for things and producer liability that can provide a theoretical foundation for the development of a multilayered liability system. Accordingly, the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence in medicine requires a transition from traditional linear liability to a multilayered, dynamic, and risk-based liability regime, in which responsibility is transparently allocated among physicians, developers, and hospitals. The enactment of specific regulations for health data, the imposition of obligations of transparency and algorithmic explainability, the establishment of specialized ethics committees, and the guarantee of meaningful human oversight are among the most important practical measures for bridging the liability gap and achieving therapeutic justice in the era of artificial intelligence.
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