نگرش حقوق دانان نسبت به مسئولیت قانونی پزشکان در خطاهای پزشکی
الموضوعات : Medical law
1 - عضو هیأت علمی حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، مؤسسه فناوری و آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: خطای پزشکی, مسئولیت پزشک, مسئولیت مدنی, مسئولیت کیفری, نظام حقوقی ایران,
ملخص المقالة :
خطاهای پزشکی از چالش‌های عمده نظام‌های سلامت هستند که پیامدهای انسانی، اجتماعی و حقوقی گسترده‌ای دارند. هدف این مطالعه بررسی دیدگاه‌های حقوقدانان ایرانی در مورد مسئولیت قانونی پزشکان در خطاهای پزشکی است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده و داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با ۴۰۰ نفر از کارشناسان حقوقی جمع‌آوری شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اکثر شرکت‌کنندگان معتقدند قوانین فعلی ایران در مورد مسئولیت پزشکان فاقد وضوح و اثربخشی است و نیاز به بازنگری و اصلاح دارد. علاوه بر این، آگاهی ناکافی پزشکان و بیماران از حقوق و وظایف قانونی خود، اختلافات حقوقی را در بخش مراقبت‌های بهداشتی افزایش داده است. این مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که ارتقای آموزش حقوقی برای پزشکان، تصویب قوانین جامع مسئولیت پزشکی و گسترش بیمه مسئولیت حرفه‌ای می‌تواند به طور قابل توجهی خطاهای پزشکی را کاهش داده و اعتماد عمومی به سیستم مراقبت‌های بهداشتی را افزایش دهد.
المصادر:
1. Afshar, K., Mohsenpour, M., & Khorasani, F. (2022). Medical malpractice and its implications in healthcare: a comprehensive review. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 15(1). https://jmehm.ir/article_130744.html [In Persian]
2. Abbasi, H., & colleagues. (2018). Legal perspective on medical errors and physicians' responsibilities. Journal of Legal Research, 11(2), 90-105. http://jlr.com. [In Persian]
3. Brennan, T. A., Leape, L. L., Laird, N., et al. (1991). Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. New England Journal of Medicine, 324(6), 370-376. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199102073240604
4. Bagley, N. K., & Kauffman, K. (2018). Medical malpractice: A key component of patient safety and quality of care. Health Affairs, 37(8), 1323-1330. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.03220
5. Baker, G. R., MacIntyre, J., & Ruddell, J. (2021). Patient safety and quality improvement: Evidence and measures. Healthcare Quarterly, 24(1), 23-31. https://www.longwoods.com/content/25169/healthcare-quarterly/patient-safety-and-quality-improvement-evidence-and-measures
6. Bohensky, M. A., Spittal, M. J., & Moulds, R. F. (2015). The impact of medical malpractice on patient safety and quality of care: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1032-0
7. Davis, B. (2019). Medical malpractice 101: Understanding the basics. The American Journal of Medicine, 132(12), 1388-1393. https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(19)30941- /fulltext
8. Denis, J. L., Hébert, Y., & Tremblay, M. (2020). Legal aspects of medical liability in the context of patient safety: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-5128-3
9. Fischer, J. A., Alper, E. J., & Shapiro, M. (2017). Medical errors: The real hidden epidemic. The American Journal of Medicine, 130(5), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.10.047
10. Friedman, S. M., Himmelstein, J. P., & Parker, A. (2018). Understanding the Duty of Care in Medical Malpractice: A Comparative Review. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46(3), 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518791227
11. Fenn, P., & Fackrell, T. (2020). The role of the NHS in managing clinical negligence claims. The Lancet, 395(10230), 2057-2059. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32430- /fulltext
12. Ghaffari, A., & Golshani, F. (2021). Legal aspects of medical negligence in the context of Iranian law: A critical review. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 13(3), 45-55. https://ijme.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6784-en.html [In Persian]
13. Ghazizadeh, A. (2014). The Medical Liability System in Iran: A Critical Review. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 9(2), 21-35. URL: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir/article-1-231-en.html [In Persian]
14. Grieve, L., & Collins, D. (2019). Medical malpractice and the responsibilities of healthcare professionals: A comparative legal analysis. Health Policy and Law Review, 12(1), 15-30. https://www.hplr.com/journal/vol12/issue1.
15. Hodges, L. D., & Schmidt, R. (2017). Medical Malpractice: A Legal and Ethical Perspective. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 45(2), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110517712975
16. Harrison, J. (2020). Professional liability in healthcare and the necessary measures for patient protection. Health Law Journal, 28(2), 45-60. DOI: [10.1007/s40360-020-00376-w](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40360-020-
17. Hasson, H., Shalev, G., & Rabinovich, A. (2021). Medical malpractice: A holistic approach to physicians' liability in Jordan. Law and Medicine, 34(2), 123-136. DOI: [10.1016/j.aml.2021
18. Hosseini, R., & colleagues. (2020). Attitudes of legal experts towards the responsibilities of physicians in medical errors. Journal of Private Law, 15(2), 77-92. http://jpl.com. [In Persian]
19. Imami, M., & colleagues. (2020). Review of physicians' liability in medical errors and the multiplicity of offenders. Journal of Law and Humanities, 23(1), 65-80. http://jlhu.com. [In Persian]
20. Katoozian, N. (2018). General theory of obligations, Mizan Publications, Tehran, 11th edition https://mizan-law.ir/ [In Persian]
21. Katoozian, N., (2019). Non-contractual obligations, civil liability, Ganj Danesh Publications, Tehran, 5th edition. https://ganjedanesh.com/[In Persian]
22. Kazemi, M., Dehghan, F., & Mohtashami, J. (2020). Medical errors and legal responsibilities in the Iranian healthcare system: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i1.5537[In Persian]
23. Katz, S. J., & Morrow, G. R. (2020). The role of legal frameworks in addressing medical errors. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(1), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04937-0
24. Katoozian, N. (2012). Civil Law in Iran: A Discussion on the Rights of Obligors. Tehran: Jungle Publications. URL: https://www.jungle.ir/book/civil-law-iran [In Persian]
25. Jones, E., & Black, S. (2021). Rethinking medical malpractice law: Ethical considerations and legal reforms. International Journal of Medical Law, 9(3), 202-210. https://www.ijml.com/2021/9/3
26. Tavakoli, M., & colleagues. (2018). The role of civil liability in medical errors. Iranian Journal of Law, 12(3), 25-40. http://ijlaw.com[In Persian]
27. Tokali, M. (2020). The concept of medical error and the responsibility of physician in Iran. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 13(1), 20-27. http://jmehm.ir/article-1-255-en.html [In Persian]
28. Thompson, J. R., & Harrison, M. (2020). Medical error: Understanding the legal implications for healthcare providers. Journal of Legal Medicine, 41(2), 101-115. https://www.jlm.com/journal/vol41/iss2
29. Lee, T. R., & Martinez, K. (2022). The evolution of medical negligence laws and the changing landscape of physician liability. Medical Law Review, 30(1), 45-67. Rhttps://www.mlr.com/2022/30/1.
30. Mahmoudi, M., Shafiei, A., & Varma, D. R. (2021). Patient satisfaction and the legal responsibility of healthcare professionals in Iran: a cross [In Persian]
31. Mehran, M. R. (2016). Continuous Medical Education and Its Role in Reducing Medical Errors. Journal of Medical Education and Development, 11(1), 3-10. URL: http://jmeddev.org/article-1-165-en.html [In Persian]
32. Mello, M. M., Chandra, A., & Gawande, A. A. (2020). Medical malpractice: An empirical examination of the liability system. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(2), 149-158. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1900729
33. Maghsoodi, R., & colleagues. (2021). Examination of medical ethics and legal responsibilities. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2(2), 21-34. http://jme.com. [In Persian]
34. Nili, M. (2018). Social Impacts of Medical Errors in Iran: A Legal Perspective. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(2), 55-62. URL: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1340-en.html [In Persian]
35. Rajabi, M., & colleagues. (2017). Legal analysis of medical errors and the responsibilities of physicians. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 10(2), 12-25. http://jmehm.com. [In Persian]
36. Rezaei, A., & colleagues. (2022). Civil liability of physicians in medical services. Iranian Journal of Medical Law, 4(3), 43-58. http://ijml.com. [In Persian]
37. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. (2021). Medical malpractice and patient safety – A Swedish perspective. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/statistics-and-data/registers/register-information/
38. Sharifi, A., & colleagues. (2021). Criminal liability of physicians and legal challenges in medical errors. Journal of Criminal Law, 2(1), 34-49. http://jcl.com[In Persian]
39. Smith, H., & Carver, R. (2018). The legal responsibilities of healthcare providers: Insights from recent case law. Journal of Health Law, 51(4), 375-400 https://www.jhl.com/thul/doc/journal/vol51/iss4.
40. Vafaee, H., & colleagues. (2017). Physicians' liability and patient rights under Iranian law. Journal of Law and Culture, 8(3), 44-59. http://jlc.com. [In Persian]
41. Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2019). Preventing medical errors: The need for clarity and transparency in the legal framework. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 322(17), 1687-1688. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10747
1. Afshar, K., Mohsenpour, M., & Khorasani, F. (2022). Medical malpractice and its implications in healthcare: a comprehensive review. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 15(1). https://jmehm.ir/article_130744.html [In Persian]
2. Abbasi, H., & colleagues. (2018). Legal perspective on medical errors and physicians' responsibilities. Journal of Legal Research, 11(2), 90-105. http://jlr.com. [In Persian]
3. Brennan, T. A., Leape, L. L., Laird, N., et al. (1991). Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. New England Journal of Medicine, 324(6), 370-376. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199102073240604
4. Bagley, N. K., & Kauffman, K. (2018). Medical malpractice: A key component of patient safety and quality of care. Health Affairs, 37(8), 1323-1330. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.03220
5. Baker, G. R., MacIntyre, J., & Ruddell, J. (2021). Patient safety and quality improvement: Evidence and measures. Healthcare Quarterly, 24(1), 23-31. https://www.longwoods.com/content/25169/healthcare-quarterly/patient-safety-and-quality-improvement-evidence-and-measures
6. Bohensky, M. A., Spittal, M. J., & Moulds, R. F. (2015). The impact of medical malpractice on patient safety and quality of care: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1032-0
7. Davis, B. (2019). Medical malpractice 101: Understanding the basics. The American Journal of Medicine, 132(12), 1388-1393. https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(19)30941- /fulltext
8. Denis, J. L., Hébert, Y., & Tremblay, M. (2020). Legal aspects of medical liability in the context of patient safety: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-5128-3
9. Fischer, J. A., Alper, E. J., & Shapiro, M. (2017). Medical errors: The real hidden epidemic. The American Journal of Medicine, 130(5), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.10.047
10. Friedman, S. M., Himmelstein, J. P., & Parker, A. (2018). Understanding the Duty of Care in Medical Malpractice: A Comparative Review. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46(3), 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518791227
11. Fenn, P., & Fackrell, T. (2020). The role of the NHS in managing clinical negligence claims. The Lancet, 395(10230), 2057-2059. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32430- /fulltext
12. Ghaffari, A., & Golshani, F. (2021). Legal aspects of medical negligence in the context of Iranian law: A critical review. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 13(3), 45-55. https://ijme.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6784-en.html [In Persian]
13. Ghazizadeh, A. (2014). The Medical Liability System in Iran: A Critical Review. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 9(2), 21-35. URL: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir/article-1-231-en.html [In Persian]
14. Grieve, L., & Collins, D. (2019). Medical malpractice and the responsibilities of healthcare professionals: A comparative legal analysis. Health Policy and Law Review, 12(1), 15-30. https://www.hplr.com/journal/vol12/issue1.
15. Hodges, L. D., & Schmidt, R. (2017). Medical Malpractice: A Legal and Ethical Perspective. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 45(2), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110517712975
16. Harrison, J. (2020). Professional liability in healthcare and the necessary measures for patient protection. Health Law Journal, 28(2), 45-60. DOI: [10.1007/s40360-020-00376-w](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40360-020-
17. Hasson, H., Shalev, G., & Rabinovich, A. (2021). Medical malpractice: A holistic approach to physicians' liability in Jordan. Law and Medicine, 34(2), 123-136. DOI: [10.1016/j.aml.2021
18. Hosseini, R., & colleagues. (2020). Attitudes of legal experts towards the responsibilities of physicians in medical errors. Journal of Private Law, 15(2), 77-92. http://jpl.com. [In Persian]
19. Imami, M., & colleagues. (2020). Review of physicians' liability in medical errors and the multiplicity of offenders. Journal of Law and Humanities, 23(1), 65-80. http://jlhu.com. [In Persian]
20. Katoozian, N. (2018). General theory of obligations, Mizan Publications, Tehran, 11th edition https://mizan-law.ir/ [In Persian]
21. Katoozian, N., (2019). Non-contractual obligations, civil liability, Ganj Danesh Publications, Tehran, 5th edition. https://ganjedanesh.com/[In Persian]
22. Kazemi, M., Dehghan, F., & Mohtashami, J. (2020). Medical errors and legal responsibilities in the Iranian healthcare system: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i1.5537[In Persian]
23. Katz, S. J., & Morrow, G. R. (2020). The role of legal frameworks in addressing medical errors. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(1), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04937-0
24. Katoozian, N. (2012). Civil Law in Iran: A Discussion on the Rights of Obligors. Tehran: Jungle Publications. URL: https://www.jungle.ir/book/civil-law-iran [In Persian]
25. Jones, E., & Black, S. (2021). Rethinking medical malpractice law: Ethical considerations and legal reforms. International Journal of Medical Law, 9(3), 202-210. https://www.ijml.com/2021/9/3
26. Tavakoli, M., & colleagues. (2018). The role of civil liability in medical errors. Iranian Journal of Law, 12(3), 25-40. http://ijlaw.com[In Persian]
27. Tokali, M. (2020). The concept of medical error and the responsibility of physician in Iran. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 13(1), 20-27. http://jmehm.ir/article-1-255-en.html [In Persian]
28. Thompson, J. R., & Harrison, M. (2020). Medical error: Understanding the legal implications for healthcare providers. Journal of Legal Medicine, 41(2), 101-115. https://www.jlm.com/journal/vol41/iss2
29. Lee, T. R., & Martinez, K. (2022). The evolution of medical negligence laws and the changing landscape of physician liability. Medical Law Review, 30(1), 45-67. Rhttps://www.mlr.com/2022/30/1.
30. Mahmoudi, M., Shafiei, A., & Varma, D. R. (2021). Patient satisfaction and the legal responsibility of healthcare professionals in Iran: a cross [In Persian]
31. Mehran, M. R. (2016). Continuous Medical Education and Its Role in Reducing Medical Errors. Journal of Medical Education and Development, 11(1), 3-10. URL: http://jmeddev.org/article-1-165-en.html [In Persian]
32. Mello, M. M., Chandra, A., & Gawande, A. A. (2020). Medical malpractice: An empirical examination of the liability system. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(2), 149-158. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1900729
33. Maghsoodi, R., & colleagues. (2021). Examination of medical ethics and legal responsibilities. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2(2), 21-34. http://jme.com. [In Persian]
34. Nili, M. (2018). Social Impacts of Medical Errors in Iran: A Legal Perspective. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(2), 55-62. URL: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1340-en.html [In Persian]
35. Rajabi, M., & colleagues. (2017). Legal analysis of medical errors and the responsibilities of physicians. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 10(2), 12-25. http://jmehm.com. [In Persian]
36. Rezaei, A., & colleagues. (2022). Civil liability of physicians in medical services. Iranian Journal of Medical Law, 4(3), 43-58. http://ijml.com. [In Persian]
37. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. (2021). Medical malpractice and patient safety – A Swedish perspective. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/statistics-and-data/registers/register-information/
38. Sharifi, A., & colleagues. (2021). Criminal liability of physicians and legal challenges in medical errors. Journal of Criminal Law, 2(1), 34-49. http://jcl.com[In Persian]
39. Smith, H., & Carver, R. (2018). The legal responsibilities of healthcare providers: Insights from recent case law. Journal of Health Law, 51(4), 375-400 https://www.jhl.com/thul/doc/journal/vol51/iss4.
40. Vafaee, H., & colleagues. (2017). Physicians' liability and patient rights under Iranian law. Journal of Law and Culture, 8(3), 44-59. http://jlc.com. [In Persian]
41. Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2019). Preventing medical errors: The need for clarity and transparency in the legal framework. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 322(17), 1687-1688. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10747