ارتباط رفتارهای حمایتی ـ استقلالی مربیان، با تعهد ورزشیِ بازیکنان نخبة هندبال زنان و نقش میانجی¬گرایانة نیازهای روانی و انگیزش خودمختاری
الموضوعات : روان شناسی
1 - دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: نظریه خودمختاری, رفتارهای حمایتی ـ استقلالی, انگیزش خودمختاری, تعهد ورزشی,
ملخص المقالة :
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ارتباط رفتارهای حمـایـتی ـ استـقلالی مربیان با نیازهای روانی، انگیزش خودمختاری، و تعهد ورزشی، در بین بازیکنان زنِ نخبة هندبال ایران اجرا شد. روش پژوهش توصیفی (زمینهیابی) بود. بدین منظور، کل جامعه آماری پژوهش که شامل 237 بازیکن بود بهعنوان نمونه تحقیق انتخاب شد. ورزشکاران به پرسشنامههای ادراک رفتارهای حمایـتـی ـ اسـتـقلالی مربیـان در محیطهای ورزشـی (PASSES)، پرسشنامه ارضاء نیازهای روانی (PNS)، مقیاس انگیزش ورزش (SMS)، و مقیاس تعهد ورزشی (SCMS) پاسخ دادند. در تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و برای ارائه مدل، از معادلات ساختاري (SEM) استفاده گردید. یافتهها نشان دادند که رفتارهای حمایتی ـ استقلالی با نیازهای روانی، انگیزش درونی، انگیزش بیرونی خودپذیر، و تعهد ورزشی بازیکنان ارتباط مثبت و معنادار و با بیانگیزگی بازیکنان همبستگی منفی و معناداری دارد. از سوی دیگر، انگیزش درونی، انگیزش بیرونی خودپذیر و درونفکنی شده با تعهد ورزشی بازیکنان ارتباط مثبت دارد. حال آنکه انگیزش بیرونی و بیانگیزگی با تعهد ورزشی ورزشکاران ارتباط منفی دارد. تحلیل مسیر، مدل پیشنهادی را تأیید کرد و نقش میانجیگرایانة ارضای نیازهای روانی و انگیزش درونی و بیرونیِ خودمختار را در ارتباط بین رفتار حمایتی ـ استقلالی با تعهد ورزشی بازیکنان تأیید کرد. در نتیجه، اصول تئوری خودمختاری مورد تأیید قرار گرفت.
المصادر:
ريو، مارشال (1383). انگيزش و هيجان، ترجمه يحيي سيدمحمدي. تهران: نشر ویرایش.
Almagro, B. J., Lopez, S. P., & Moreno, J. A. (2010). Prediction of sport adherence through the influence of autonomy-supportive coaching among Spanish adolescent Athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 8-14.
Alvarez, M. S., Balguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2009). Coach autonomy
support and quality of sport engagement in young Soccer players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12,138-148.
Amorose, A. J., & Butcher, D. A. (2006). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 654-670.
Andrew, D. P. S. (2004). The effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. A dissertation submitted to the Florida State University.
Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740-756.
Blanchard, C., Amiot, C. E., Perreault, S., Vallerand, R. J., & Provencher, P. (2009). Cohesiveness, coaches’ interpersonal style, and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes’ subjective well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 545-551.
Coatsworth, J. D., & Conroy, D. E. (2009). The effect of autonomy-supportive coaching, need satisfaction, and self-perceptions on initiative and identity in youth swimmers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 320-328.
Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007). Assessing autonomy-supprtive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 671-684.
Curran, T., Appleton, P. R., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2011). Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 655-661.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiery, 11, 227-268.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again. Review of Educational Research, 71, 1-27.
Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation in education: The self-determination perspective. The Educational Psychologist, 26, 325-346.
Doherty, A. J. (1997). The effect of leader characteristics on the perceived in transformational/transactional leadership and impact of interuniversity athletics administrators. Journal of Sport Management, 11, 275-285.
Edmunds, J. K., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). A test of self-determination theory in the exercise domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2240-2265.
Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372-390.
Geme, L. (2010). Perceived autonomy support, basic needs satisfaction, motivation regulation, and well-being: Verification of self-determination theory in dancers in Finland. Master Thesis, University of Jyväskylä .
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R, J., Paty, M., Gobance, L, I., & Berjor, S, (2008). French validation and adaptation of the Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercises Settings to the sport context. International Journal of Sport and Exersice Psychology, in press.
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Baldes, B. (2010). Influence of coaches’ autonomy support on athletes’ motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchial model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 155-161.
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisuretime physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 784-795.
Hagger, M. S., Nikos, L. D., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hein, V., Pihu, M., Soós, I., & et al. (2007). The Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercise Settings (PASSES): Development, validity, and cross-cultural
invariance in young people. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 632- 653.
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercises and sport. Handbook of self-determination research. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.
Hsein, C., & Richard, C. (2002). Transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness in recreational sport/fitness programs. The Sport Journal, 5, 2-12.
Ianchini, A. L. (2008). Factors influencing the provision of autonomy-support. Doctoral Dissertation. The Ohio State University. intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Kamaroa, S. (2010). Autonomy support, basic needs satisfaction, motivation regulation, and well-being among elite level ballet dancers in Russian speaking countries. Master Thesis, University of Jyväskylä.
Kent, A., & Chelladurai, P. (2001). Perceived transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and citizenship behavior: A case study in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 135-159.
Lim, B. S. C., & Wang, C. K. J. (2009). Percieved autonomy support and behavioral regulations in physical education and physical activity intention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 52-60.
Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, 883-904.
Milyavskaya, M., & Koestner, R. (2011). Psychological needs, motivation, and well-being: A test of self- determination theory across multiple domains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 387-391.
Panayotis, Z., Haralambos, T., & Konstantinos, A. (2004). Self-determination in sport commitment. Journal of Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102, 405-420.
Patrick, H., & Canevello, A. (2011). Methothological overview of a self- determination theory – based computerized intervention to promote leisure
-time physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 13-19.
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Briére, N. M. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 279-306.
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53.
Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior, need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 297-313.
Richer, S.F., & Vallerand, R.J. (1995). Supervisors’ interactional styles and subordinates’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 707-722.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theorty and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectic perspective. Handbook of self-determination research, 3-37.
Scanlan, T. K., Simons, J. P., Carpenter, P. J., Schmidt, G. W., & Keeler, B. (1993). The sport commitment model: Development for the youth-sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 16-38.
Smith, A., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2007). Goal striving, goal attainment, and well-being: Adapting and testing the self-concordance model in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 763-782.
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2005). A test of self-determination theory in school physical education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 411-433.
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2006). Students’ motivational processes and their relationship to teacher ratings in school physical education: A self-determination theory approach. Research Quarterly for
Eexercise and Sport, 77, 100-110.
Sullivan, P. J., & Kent, A. (2003). Coaching efficacy as a predictor of
leadership style in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 1-11.
Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Psychology, 11, 142-169.
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Motivation learniing, performance, and persistance: The synergistic effects on intrinsic goal contents and autonomy- supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 246-260.
Vlachopoulos, S.P., Kaperoni, M., & Moustaka, F.C. (2011). The relationship of self-determination theory variables to exercise identity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 265-272.
Yean, J. S. (2001). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and organizational effectiveness in sport organizations. Sport Journal, 4, 20-31.
ريو، مارشال (1383). انگيزش و هيجان، ترجمه يحيي سيدمحمدي. تهران: نشر ویرایش.
Almagro, B. J., Lopez, S. P., & Moreno, J. A. (2010). Prediction of sport adherence through the influence of autonomy-supportive coaching among Spanish adolescent Athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 8-14.
Alvarez, M. S., Balguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2009). Coach autonomy
support and quality of sport engagement in young Soccer players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12,138-148.
Amorose, A. J., & Butcher, D. A. (2006). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 654-670.
Andrew, D. P. S. (2004). The effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. A dissertation submitted to the Florida State University.
Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740-756.
Blanchard, C., Amiot, C. E., Perreault, S., Vallerand, R. J., & Provencher, P. (2009). Cohesiveness, coaches’ interpersonal style, and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes’ subjective well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 545-551.
Coatsworth, J. D., & Conroy, D. E. (2009). The effect of autonomy-supportive coaching, need satisfaction, and self-perceptions on initiative and identity in youth swimmers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 320-328.
Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007). Assessing autonomy-supprtive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 671-684.
Curran, T., Appleton, P. R., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2011). Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 655-661.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiery, 11, 227-268.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again. Review of Educational Research, 71, 1-27.
Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation in education: The self-determination perspective. The Educational Psychologist, 26, 325-346.
Doherty, A. J. (1997). The effect of leader characteristics on the perceived in transformational/transactional leadership and impact of interuniversity athletics administrators. Journal of Sport Management, 11, 275-285.
Edmunds, J. K., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). A test of self-determination theory in the exercise domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2240-2265.
Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372-390.
Geme, L. (2010). Perceived autonomy support, basic needs satisfaction, motivation regulation, and well-being: Verification of self-determination theory in dancers in Finland. Master Thesis, University of Jyväskylä .
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R, J., Paty, M., Gobance, L, I., & Berjor, S, (2008). French validation and adaptation of the Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercises Settings to the sport context. International Journal of Sport and Exersice Psychology, in press.
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Baldes, B. (2010). Influence of coaches’ autonomy support on athletes’ motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchial model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 155-161.
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisuretime physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 784-795.
Hagger, M. S., Nikos, L. D., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hein, V., Pihu, M., Soós, I., & et al. (2007). The Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercise Settings (PASSES): Development, validity, and cross-cultural
invariance in young people. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 632- 653.
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercises and sport. Handbook of self-determination research. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.
Hsein, C., & Richard, C. (2002). Transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness in recreational sport/fitness programs. The Sport Journal, 5, 2-12.
Ianchini, A. L. (2008). Factors influencing the provision of autonomy-support. Doctoral Dissertation. The Ohio State University. intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Kamaroa, S. (2010). Autonomy support, basic needs satisfaction, motivation regulation, and well-being among elite level ballet dancers in Russian speaking countries. Master Thesis, University of Jyväskylä.
Kent, A., & Chelladurai, P. (2001). Perceived transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and citizenship behavior: A case study in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 135-159.
Lim, B. S. C., & Wang, C. K. J. (2009). Percieved autonomy support and behavioral regulations in physical education and physical activity intention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 52-60.
Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, 883-904.
Milyavskaya, M., & Koestner, R. (2011). Psychological needs, motivation, and well-being: A test of self- determination theory across multiple domains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 387-391.
Panayotis, Z., Haralambos, T., & Konstantinos, A. (2004). Self-determination in sport commitment. Journal of Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102, 405-420.
Patrick, H., & Canevello, A. (2011). Methothological overview of a self- determination theory – based computerized intervention to promote leisure
-time physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 13-19.
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Briére, N. M. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 279-306.
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53.
Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior, need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 297-313.
Richer, S.F., & Vallerand, R.J. (1995). Supervisors’ interactional styles and subordinates’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 707-722.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theorty and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectic perspective. Handbook of self-determination research, 3-37.
Scanlan, T. K., Simons, J. P., Carpenter, P. J., Schmidt, G. W., & Keeler, B. (1993). The sport commitment model: Development for the youth-sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 16-38.
Smith, A., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2007). Goal striving, goal attainment, and well-being: Adapting and testing the self-concordance model in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 763-782.
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2005). A test of self-determination theory in school physical education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 411-433.
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2006). Students’ motivational processes and their relationship to teacher ratings in school physical education: A self-determination theory approach. Research Quarterly for
Eexercise and Sport, 77, 100-110.
Sullivan, P. J., & Kent, A. (2003). Coaching efficacy as a predictor of
leadership style in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 1-11.
Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Psychology, 11, 142-169.
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Motivation learniing, performance, and persistance: The synergistic effects on intrinsic goal contents and autonomy- supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 246-260.
Vlachopoulos, S.P., Kaperoni, M., & Moustaka, F.C. (2011). The relationship of self-determination theory variables to exercise identity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 265-272.
Yean, J. S. (2001). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and organizational effectiveness in sport organizations. Sport Journal, 4, 20-31.